Portrait of Thomas Phillips

Thomas Phillips: Catalogue of the 100 Most Famous Paintings

Updated October 2026 · ranked by our popularity score (searches, visits and orders for each work) · 288 works by Thomas Phillips in our catalogue

Summary

Napoleon bonaparte first consul, (1802) is recorded as the most famous painting of Thomas Phillips; it is held by the Musée Bonnat, Bayonne. Portrait of Charles Frederick Schlaberg, London, 1827 (1827) and William Buckland (1812) occupy the second and third entries. Of the 288 works by Thomas Phillips recorded in the catalogue, the 100 best known are listed below, each entry with its date, the holding museum and a note on the work.

1770 – 1845, Dudley Neoclassicism Most works: National Portrait Gallery

Entries 1 to 10: the most famous Thomas Phillips paintings

1
Napoleon bonaparte first consul, (1802) by Thomas Phillips

Napoleon bonaparte first consul,

1802 · Acrylic · Musée Bonnat, Bayonne

The painting "Napoleon Bonaparte First Consul" by Thomas Phillips is a remarkable piece of art that captures the essence of Napoleon Bonaparte, one of history's most influential figures. Created in 1802 during the Peace of Amiens, this unfinished portrait offers a unique and realistic depiction of Napoleon at the age of 33. The Historical Context Commissioned by Lord Erskine, who had connections to Josephine through Malmaison, this painting was a…

2
Portrait of Charles Frederick Schlaberg, London, 1827 (1827) by Thomas Phillips

Portrait of Charles Frederick Schlaberg, London, 1827

1827 · Oil On Canvas · Yale Center for British Art, New Haven

This formal portrait, titled Portrait of Charles Frederick Schlaberg, London, 1827, presents a quiet study of the subject, Charles Frederick Schlaberg. Painted in 1827, the work captures the man in a moment of composed dignity. It is an oil on canvas that reflects the specific social standing and character of the sitter through a direct and steady engagement with the viewer.

3
William Buckland (1812) by Thomas Phillips

William Buckland

1812 · Oil · National Portrait Gallery, London

This bust-length oil portrait depicts William Buckland, a middle-aged man positioned slightly off-center. He faces toward the left of the frame, though his gaze is directed toward the viewer. The subject possesses a calm and intelligent expression. He wears a dark garment and a bright white cravat. A single light source illuminates one side of his face and his neckwear, casting the other side of his features and the background…

4
David Ricardo (1821) by Thomas Phillips

David Ricardo

1821 · Oil · National Portrait Gallery, London

This oil painting by Thomas Phillips depicts the British economist David Ricardo. Created in 1821, the work presents the subject in a three-quarter length portrait. Ricardo is shown in a seated position within an armchair. He is positioned facing toward the viewer's right, though his gaze is directed toward the observer. The subject's right arm rests upon the arm of the chair, while his left hand holds a piece of…

5
John Lothrop Motley (1835) by Thomas Phillips

John Lothrop Motley

1835 · Oil On Canvas · Nasjonal Portrettgalleri, Washington

A single light source strikes the face of a young man, carving his features out of a heavy, umber darkness. This is the portrait of John Lothrop Motley, rendered in oil on canvas around 1835. The light catches the pale smoothness of his forehead and the clarity of his eyes, leaving the rest of his form to dissolve into deep sienna and black. He wears dark, textured clothing, perhaps heavy…

7
Edward Thurlow, Baron Thurlow (1806) by Thomas Phillips

Edward Thurlow, Baron Thurlow

1806 · Oil · National Portrait Gallery, London

This oil portrait, titled Edward Thurlow, Baron Thurlow, captures the likeness of a man defined by the weight of law and the gravity of statecraft. Painted by Thomas Phillips in 1806, the work presents the subject in a moment of quietude. The sitter, a prominent British lawyer and Tory politician, is rendered with a precision that suggests the stillness of a courtroom after the gavel has fallen.

8
John Singleton Copley, Baron Lyndhurst (1836) by Thomas Phillips

John Singleton Copley, Baron Lyndhurst

1836 · Oil On Canvas · National Portrait Gallery, London

This portrait of John Singleton Copley, Baron Lyndhurst, was executed by Thomas Phillips in 1836. It presents the subject in a moment of formal repose, capturing the gravity of his station through the specific details of his office. Phillips, a prominent figure in the British art scene of the early nineteenth century, brings a meticulous attention to the sitter's presence, ensuring the likeness carries the weight of his social and…

9
Portrait Of An Unknown Man by Thomas Phillips

Portrait Of An Unknown Man

Oil On Canvas

There is a profound stillness in this portrait, a moment of introspection captured through the steady gaze of a young man. He appears to be in his late teens or early twenties, his expression thoughtful and perhaps a little guarded. The subject is dressed with the dignity of a well-dressed gentleman, wearing a dark suit and a lighter-colored tie that draws the eye toward the subtle nuances of his facial…

10
George Granville Leveson-Gower, 1st Duke of Sutherland (1805) by Thomas Phillips

George Granville Leveson-Gower, 1st Duke of Sutherland

1805 · Oil On Canvas · National Portrait Gallery, London

The gaze of George Granville Leveson-Gower, 1st Duke of Sutherland, meets the viewer through this formal oil portrait. Painted by Thomas Phillips in 1805, the work captures the Duke in a moment of quiet dignity. He appears dressed in regal attire, a choice that immediately signals his high standing and the weight of his title. The portrait presents a man of significant stature, frozen in a steady, solemn expression that…

Thomas Phillips, further entries: 11 to 100

11Portrait Of William Phipson ( 1770-1845 ) (1831) by Thomas PhillipsPortrait Of William Phipson ( 1770-1845 )1831 · Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery 12John Hely-Hutchinson, first Baron Hutchinson and second Earl of Donoughmore (1757-1832) (1811) by Thomas PhillipsJohn Hely-Hutchinson, first Baron Hutchinson and second Earl of Donoughmore (1757-1832)1811 · Royal Collection 13After Raphael by Thomas PhillipsAfter Raphael 14Other Archer Windsor, 6th Earl of Plymouth (1789-1833) (1816) by Thomas PhillipsOther Archer Windsor, 6th Earl of Plymouth (1789-1833)1816 · Knole House 15Mary Fairfax, Mrs William Somerville, Writer on Science (1834) by Thomas PhillipsMary Fairfax, Mrs William Somerville, Writer on Science1834 16John Kentish (1840) by Thomas PhillipsJohn Kentish1840 · National Portrait Gallery 17Joseph Banks (1809) by Thomas PhillipsJoseph Banks1809 · The Royal Society 18Sir Francis Burdett, 5th Bt (1834) by Thomas PhillipsSir Francis Burdett, 5th Bt1834 · National Portrait Gallery 19Everard Home (1829) by Thomas PhillipsEverard Home1829 · The Royal Society 20Joshua Brookes by Thomas PhillipsJoshua BrookesNational Portrait Gallery 21Frances Margaret Taylor, Mrs William Crane Blathwayt by Thomas PhillipsFrances Margaret Taylor, Mrs William Crane Blathwayt 22Hugh Percy, 3rd Duke of Northumberland (1817) by Thomas PhillipsHugh Percy, 3rd Duke of Northumberland1817 · University of Cambridge Museums 23Lord Byron (1813) by Thomas PhillipsLord Byron1813 24Admiral Lord James De Saumarez, Gcb, Ks, 1st Baron De Saumarez by Thomas PhillipsAdmiral Lord James De Saumarez, Gcb, Ks, 1st Baron De Saumarez 25Lady Caroline Lamb by Thomas PhillipsLady Caroline Lamb 26John Parker, 2nd Lord Boringdon, 1st Earl of Morley (1804) by Thomas PhillipsJohn Parker, 2nd Lord Boringdon, 1st Earl of Morley1804 · Saltram House 27Harriet Bruhl, Lady Polwarth (1802) by Thomas PhillipsHarriet Bruhl, Lady Polwarth1802 28George O'Brien Wyndham, 3rd Earl of Egremont, in the Uniform of the Sussex Yeomanry (1798) by Thomas PhillipsGeorge O'Brien Wyndham, 3rd Earl of Egremont, in the Uniform of the Sussex Yeomanry1798 · Petworth House 29Lady Elizabeth Alicia Maria Wyndham, Countess of Carnarvon (1752-1826) (after Sir Joshua Reynolds) (1808) by Thomas PhillipsLady Elizabeth Alicia Maria Wyndham, Countess of Carnarvon (1752-1826) (after Sir Joshua Reynolds)1808 · Petworth House 30Elizabeth Mary Anne Massingberd (1805) by Thomas PhillipsElizabeth Mary Anne Massingberd1805 31Mr Barratt (1810) by Thomas PhillipsMr Barratt1810 32James Abercromby, 1st Baron Dunfermline (1821) by Thomas PhillipsJames Abercromby, 1st Baron Dunfermline1821 · Dunfermline City Chambers 33John Lloyd Williams (1826) by Thomas PhillipsJohn Lloyd Williams1826 · Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru 34George Anthony Legh Keck (1830) by Thomas PhillipsGeorge Anthony Legh Keck1830 · New Walk Museum - Art Gallery 35The Honourable John Wodehouse, Lord Lieutenant of Norfolk (1832) by Thomas PhillipsThe Honourable John Wodehouse, Lord Lieutenant of Norfolk1832 36Henry Windham, 2nd Earl of Dunraven (1839) by Thomas PhillipsHenry Windham, 2nd Earl of Dunraven1839 · Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru 37John Dalton (1835) by Thomas PhillipsJohn Dalton1835 · National Portrait Gallery 38Dr John Richard Farre by Thomas PhillipsDr John Richard FarreMoorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust 39Portrait of Ary Scheffer at (approximately) 50 years of age by Thomas PhillipsPortrait of Ary Scheffer at (approximately) 50 years of ageDordrechts Museum 40Dudley Ryder, Engraved By Henry Robinson by Thomas PhillipsDudley Ryder, Engraved By Henry Robinson 41Prince Augustus Frederick, Engraved By Henry by Thomas PhillipsPrince Augustus Frederick, Engraved By Henry 42Portrait of David Ricardo by Thomas PhillipsPortrait of David Ricardo 43The Scott Family by Thomas PhillipsThe Scott FamilyBirmingham Museum and Art Gallery 44Sir Nicholas Conyngham Tindal by Thomas PhillipsSir Nicholas Conyngham TindalNational Portrait Gallery 45Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke Of Wellington by Thomas PhillipsArthur Wellesley, 1st Duke Of Wellington 46Sir Joseph Banks, C.1830s by Thomas PhillipsSir Joseph Banks, C.1830s 47Sir Alexander Johnston by Thomas PhillipsSir Alexander Johnston 48Reverend Doctor Heathcote by Thomas PhillipsReverend Doctor Heathcote 49Elizabeth Howard by Thomas PhillipsElizabeth HowardYale Center for British Art 50The Duke Of York by Thomas PhillipsThe Duke Of York 51Peter Goddard by Thomas PhillipsPeter Goddard 52Frognal Dibdin by Thomas PhillipsFrognal Dibdin 53Campbell by Thomas PhillipsCampbell 54William Wallace Currie by Thomas PhillipsWilliam Wallace Currie 55Revd James Douglas by Thomas PhillipsRevd James Douglas 56Arnold by Thomas PhillipsArnoldNational Portrait Gallery 57Sir Robert George Throckmorton by Thomas PhillipsSir Robert George ThrockmortonCoughton Court 58Sir John Franklin - by Thomas PhillipsSir John Franklin - 59Edward Copleston, Bishop Of Llandaff by Thomas PhillipsEdward Copleston, Bishop Of Llandaff 60Davies Gilbert by Thomas PhillipsDavies Gilbert 61Samuel Rogers by Thomas PhillipsSamuel RogersNational Portrait Gallery 62Samuel Taylor Coleridge by Thomas PhillipsSamuel Taylor Coleridge 63Portrait of William Blake, engraved by William Bell. by Thomas PhillipsPortrait of William Blake, engraved by William Bell. 64Dudley Ryder, 1st Earl of Harrowby by Thomas PhillipsDudley Ryder, 1st Earl of Harrowby 65James Hope by Thomas PhillipsJames Hope 66Robert Southey by Thomas PhillipsRobert Southey 67The Most Honourable Charles Watton-wentworth by Thomas PhillipsThe Most Honourable Charles Watton-wentworth 68Florance young, esq. by Thomas PhillipsFlorance young, esq. 69John Lloyd-williams by Thomas PhillipsJohn Lloyd-williamsNational Library of Wales 70Arnold, Stp by Thomas PhillipsArnold, Stp 71Gardiner Bramston by Thomas PhillipsGardiner Bramston 72Philip Yorke, 3rd Earl Of Harwicke, Kg by Thomas PhillipsPhilip Yorke, 3rd Earl Of Harwicke, Kg 73Reginald Carr by Thomas PhillipsReginald Carr 74Michael Faraday - by Thomas PhillipsMichael Faraday - 75Henry Hallam by Thomas PhillipsHenry Hallam 76Reverend Dr Samuel Wilson Warneford by Thomas PhillipsReverend Dr Samuel Wilson Warneford 77Joseph Jennens by Thomas PhillipsJoseph JennensBirmingham Museum and Art Gallery 78Alan Bullock, Master by Thomas PhillipsAlan Bullock, Master 79Philip Yorke by Thomas PhillipsPhilip YorkeWimpole Hall 80Sir John Franklin by Thomas PhillipsSir John Franklin 81Sir Matthew Wood, Lord Mayor Of London by Thomas PhillipsSir Matthew Wood, Lord Mayor Of London 82The Artist's Son, Henry Wyndham Phillips by Thomas PhillipsThe Artist's Son, Henry Wyndham PhillipsHatchlands Park 83Elizabeth Denne, Mrs William Vallance by Thomas PhillipsElizabeth Denne, Mrs William Vallance 84Sir John E. Swinburne by Thomas PhillipsSir John E. Swinburne 85Dr John Richard Farre, Co-founder Of The Royal Ophthalmic Hospital by Thomas PhillipsDr John Richard Farre, Co-founder Of The Royal Ophthalmic Hospital 86Dr Robert G. W. Anderson, Director Of The British Museum by Thomas PhillipsDr Robert G. W. Anderson, Director Of The British Museum 876th Lord Byron by Thomas Phillips6th Lord Byron 88Sir Harrison Birtwistle by Thomas PhillipsSir Harrison Birtwistle 89The Archangel Michael Leaving Adam And Eve, After Having Conducted Them Out Of Paradise by Thomas PhillipsThe Archangel Michael Leaving Adam And Eve, After Having Conducted Them Out Of ParadisePetworth House 90Sir John Edward Sulston by Thomas PhillipsSir John Edward Sulston 91Hrh The Prince Regent, Later George Iv, And Colonel Charles Wyndham by Thomas PhillipsHrh The Prince Regent, Later George Iv, And Colonel Charles WyndhamPetworth House 92Henry Hallam by Thomas PhillipsHenry Hallam 93James Hope (1841) by Thomas PhillipsJames Hope1841 · Royal College of Physicians of London 94Henry Peter Brougham, Baron Brougham and Vaux by Thomas PhillipsHenry Peter Brougham, Baron Brougham and VauxParliamentary Art Collection 95Here We Exemplify by Thomas PhillipsHere We Exemplify 96Portrait Of George, Lord Byron by Thomas PhillipsPortrait Of George, Lord Byron 97The 7th Lord Northesk by Thomas PhillipsThe 7th Lord Northesk 98Benches by Thomas PhillipsBenches 99Brian Eno - by Thomas PhillipsBrian Eno - 100Michael Faraday by Thomas PhillipsMichael FaradayNationalmuseum

Thomas Phillips: works by period

Principal subjects in the work of Thomas Phillips

The four subjects most frequently represented among these works, each with its best-known example.

Thomas Phillips: holding museums

The 8 museums that hold the most of the paintings on this page.

Museum City Works by Thomas Phillips Paintings from this list
National Portrait Gallery, LondonNational Portrait Gallery London 23 William Buckland, David Ricardo, Edward Thurlow, Baron Thurlow
Petworth House, PetworthPetworth House Petworth 19 George O'Brien Wyndham, 3rd Earl of Egremont, in the Uniform of the Sussex Yeomanry, Lady Elizabeth Alicia Maria Wyndham, Countess of Carnarvon (1752-1826) (after Sir Joshua Reynolds), The Archangel Michael Leaving Adam And Eve, After Having Conducted Them Out Of Paradise
Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery, BirminghamBirmingham Museum and Art Gallery Birmingham 4 Portrait Of William Phipson ( 1770-1845 ), The Scott Family, Joseph Jennens
Yale Center for British Art, New HavenYale Center for British Art New Haven 3 Portrait of Charles Frederick Schlaberg, London, 1827, Elizabeth Howard
The Royal Society, LondonThe Royal Society London 2 Joseph Banks, Everard Home
Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru, AberystwythLlyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru Aberystwyth 2 John Lloyd Williams, Henry Windham, 2nd Earl of Dunraven
Nasjonal Portrettgalleri, WashingtonNasjonal Portrettgalleri Washington 2 John Lothrop Motley
Saltram House, PlymouthSaltram House Plymouth 2 John Parker, 2nd Lord Boringdon, 1st Earl of Morley

Decade index: the principal Thomas Phillips painting of each

Works per decade

Select a decade to display its principal painting.

Questions frequently consulted on Thomas Phillips's paintings

What is the best-known work of Thomas Phillips?Display the answer

Napoleon bonaparte first consul, (1802), Musée Bonnat, Bayonne. The following entries are Portrait of Charles Frederick Schlaberg, London, 1827 (1827) and William Buckland (1812).

How old was Thomas Phillips in the year of Napoleon bonaparte first consul,?Display the answer

32 years: Thomas Phillips was born in 1770 and Napoleon bonaparte first consul, is dated 1802.

What are the ten best-known works by Thomas Phillips?Display the answer

Napoleon bonaparte first consul,, Portrait of Charles Frederick Schlaberg, London, 1827, William Buckland, David Ricardo, John Lothrop Motley, George James Agar-ellis, 1st Baron Dover,, Edward Thurlow, Baron Thurlow, John Singleton Copley, Baron Lyndhurst, Portrait Of An Unknown Man and George Granville Leveson-Gower, 1st Duke of Sutherland. The list above records the date and holding museum of each.

How many works by Thomas Phillips does the catalogue record?Display the answer

The catalogue records 288 works by Thomas Phillips, dated between 1798 and 1841.

Where are the principal works of Thomas Phillips held?Display the answer

Principally in National Portrait Gallery (London), Petworth House (Petworth) and Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery (Birmingham). The museum table above gives the full distribution.

During which period did Thomas Phillips produce the best-known works?Display the answer

In 1830s: 9 of the 100 works listed on this page are dated to that period, including John Lothrop Motley.

What are the earliest and latest best-known works by Thomas Phillips?Display the answer

The earliest dated work listed here is George O'Brien Wyndham, 3rd Earl of Egremont, in the Uniform of the Sussex Yeomanry (1798); the latest is James Hope (1841).

What subjects did Thomas Phillips treat most often?Display the answer

Portrait (31), Portraiture (15) and Formal (15), out of the 100 works listed on this page.

What medium did Thomas Phillips employ most often?Display the answer

Oil On Canvas, in 11 of the 100 works listed on this page.

To which art movement is Thomas Phillips attributed?Display the answer

Neoclassicism, as documented by the works on this page.

Which paintings by Thomas Phillips does the National Portrait Gallery hold?Display the answer

William Buckland, David Ricardo and Edward Thurlow, Baron Thurlow are among the 12 works on this page in the collection of the National Portrait Gallery, London.

Can reproductions of Thomas Phillips's works be ordered?Display the answer

Yes. Each work listed on this page can be ordered from its own entry as a hand-painted oil reproduction or a fine art print, in a size of your choice.

Biography of Thomas Phillips

Early Life and Artistic Foundations

Thomas Phillips, født i Dudley i Worcestershire i 1770, steg opp fra relativt beskjedne begynnelser for å bli en fremtredende figur i den britiske kunstscenen på slutten av det 18. og tidlig på 19. århundre. Hans første kunstneriske trening ble ikke gjennomført innenfor de tradisjonelle grensene for maleri, men snarere i håndverkets verden – glassmaling under Francis Eginton i Birmingham. Denne grunnleggende erfaringen la til grunn en nøyaktig oppmerksomhet på detaljer og en forståelse av farge og lys som senere skulle prege hans portretter. Et avgjørende øyeblikk kom i 1790 da Phillips reiste til London, bevæpnet med en introduksjon til Benjamin West, en ledende kunstner av sin tid og en nøkkelfigur i Royal Academy. Wests veiledning åpnet dører for Phillips, og sikret ham ansettelse på de malte glassvinduene i St George's Chapel ved Windsor Castle – et prosjekt som tillot ham å finpusse sine ferdigheter i en storslått arkitektonisk kontekst. Denne tidlige eksponeringen for store dekorative arbeider formet sannsynligvis hans komposisjonelle sanser og hans forståelse av fortelling i kunst. I 1791 meldte Phillips seg offisielt inn i Royal Academy, noe som markerte begynnelsen på hans formelle kunstneriske utdanning og hans integrasjon i den etablerte kunstverdenen.

A Rising Portraitist: Style and Subject Matter

Phillips fant raskt sin nisje i portrettkunst, selv om han navigerte i en konkurransepreget landskap allerede befolket av berømte kunstnere som Thomas Lawrence og John Hoppner. I utgangspunktet var hans sitters hovedsakelig ukjente individer, men gjennom dedikasjon og dyktighet steg han gradvis opp i det sosiale hierarkiet, tiltrakk seg stadig mer fremtredende figurer til sitt atelier. Hans stil var preget av en nøyaktig realisme, som reflekterte både innflytelsen fra hans tidlige trening i glassmaling og de rådende kunstneriske smakene på den tiden. Han besaß evnen til å fange ikke bare fysisk likhet, men også noe av sitters karakter og intelligens. Denne talentet viste seg spesielt verdifullt når han portretterte "menn av geni" – vitenskapsfolk, forfattere, poeter og utforskere – som ble et gjentakende tema i hans arbeid. Han var kjent for sin evne til å fange essensen av sitt motiv, ikke bare utseendet, noe som ga hans portretter en dybde og livlighet som overgikk mange av sine samtidige.

Royal Patronage and Academic Recognition

Året 1804 markerte et betydelig vendepunkt i Phillips’ karriere med hans valg som associate ved Royal Academy, sammen med William Owen. Denne anerkjennelsen solidifiserte hans posisjon innenfor den kunstneriske etableringen. Kort tid etter flyttet han til 8 George Street, Hanover Square, en prestisjetung adresse som skulle forbli hans hjem og atelier i de neste fire tiårene. Hans klientell utvidet seg, inkludert medlemmer av kongelig familie og aristokratiet. Han malte portretter av prinsen av Wales (senere George IV), grevinna av Stafford og Lord Thurlow, blant andre. Et spesielt berømt portrett fra denne perioden er det av William Blake, nå utstilt i National Portrait Gallery – et verk beundret for sin følsomme fremstilling av poetenes intense blikk og visjonære ånd. I 1808 oppnådde Phillips full akademisk status, presenterte sitt diplomarbeid *Venus and Adonis*, som anses å være en av hans mest fantasifulle komposisjoner – et brudd med rent portrettkunst inn i mer ambisiøse narrativer.

Later Years: Professorship and Legacy

Phillips’ bidrag til kunstverdenen utvidet seg utover hans egne malerier. I 1825 ble han utnevnt professor i maleri ved Royal Academy, etterfulgt av Henry Fuseli – en posisjon han hadde til 1832. Denne rollen tillot ham å dele sin kunnskap og ekspertise med spirende kunstnere, og forme neste generasjon britiske malere. Han publiserte *Lectures on the History and Principles of Painting* i 1833, og ga innsikt i hans kunstneriske filosofi og pedagogiske tilnærming. Selv om hans senere år så en viss nedgang i offentlig anerkjennelse, forble han en respektert figur innen kunstmiljøet frem til sin død i 1845. Hans arv ligger ikke bare i de utallige portrettene han skapte – som fanget likhetene til mange bemerkelsesverdige figurer fra hans tid – men også i hans dedikasjon til kunstnerisk utdanning og hans bidrag til utviklingen av britiske portretter. Han etterlot seg et verk som reflekterer både den tekniske ferdigheten og den intellektuelle nysgjerrigheten til en kunstner dypt engasjert i kulturlandskapet i sin tid. *Hans oppmerksomhet på detaljer, kombinert med en følsomhet for karakter, sikrer hans plass som en betydelig figur i 19. århundrets britiske kunst.*

All 288 works by Thomas Phillips →