Northern Netherlandish Painter

біографія:

Northern Netherlandish Painter is a term used to describe artists from the Northern Netherlands who painted during the Early Netherlandish painting period, which began in the 15th century and lasted until the start of the Dutch Revolt in 1566 or 1568. This period is also known as the Flemish Primitives and is characterized by significant advances in natural representation and illusionism, with complex iconography and a focus on religious scenes or small portraits. The major Northern Netherlandish painters include Robert Campin, Jan van Eyck, Rogier van der Weyden, Dieric Bouts, Petrus Christus, Hans Memling, Hugo van der Goes, and Hieronymus Bosch. The Northern Netherlandish painters were active during the height of Burgundian influence in Europe, when the Low Countries became the political and economic center of Northern Europe, noted for its crafts and luxury goods. Assisted by the workshop system, panels and a variety of crafts were sold to foreign princes or merchants through private engagement or market stalls. A majority of the works were destroyed during waves of iconoclasm in the 16th and 17th centuries; today only a few thousand examples survive. Early northern art in general was not well regarded from the early 17th to the mid-19th century, and the painters and their works were not well documented until the mid-19th century. Art historians spent almost another century determining attributions, studying iconography, and establishing bare outlines of even the major artists' lives; attribution of some of the most significant works is still debated. Scholarship of Early Netherlandish painting was one of the main activities of 19th- and 20th-century art history, and a major focus of two of the most important art historians of the 20th century: Max J. Friedländer (From Van Eyck to Breugel and Early Netherlandish Painting) and Erwin Panofsky (Early Netherlandish Painting only covering artists up to Hieronymus Bosch who died in 1516).